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| Melder and Jain (1992) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Reintroduction of IL-2 for 24 h to a culture of NK cells depleted of IL-2 for 48 h did not restore the cells to the pre-depletion level of rigidity. |
| Melder and Jain (1992) | IL-2 | | NK cells | These findings suggest that the initial activation of human NK cells by IL-2 will produce a relatively rapid increase in rigidity that may cause entrapment of these cells in small capillaries in vivo and that removal of IL-2 will produce an additional increase in rigidity, which is associated with decreased functional activity.
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| Li and Weir (1990) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | TW evidenced little capability of impairing IL-2 receptor expression, or efferent immune mechanisms such as cell-mediated cytotoxicity or natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. |
| Rey et al. (1983) | interleukin-2 | | natural killer cells | Diminished interleukin-2 activity production in cancer patients bearing solid tumors and its relationship with natural killer cells.
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| Trzonkowski et al. (2006) | IL2 | | NK cells | Concluding, we found that Treg accumulated as a result of ageing and/or medical conditions were capable of decreasing cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T and NK cells and production of IL2.
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| Galli et al. (1990) | IL-2 | | LGL | In addition, MAb to the p75 IL-2 receptor on LGL abrogated IL-2 induction of IL-1 beta mRNA, suggesting that IL-2 signaling via the p75 IL-2 receptor induced IL-1 beta gene expression in LGL. |
| Zerhouni et al. (1997) | IL-2 | | NK cell | We therefore conclude that the alteration of NK cell activity occurs at an advanced stage of HIV infection, that the reduction of cytotoxic activity is partially restored by exogenous IL-2, and that decreased production of IL-2 and increased production of IL-10 may account for part of this reduction in cytotoxicity.
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| Goodyear et al. (1996) | IL-2 | | NK cells | It is likely that reduced numbers of circulating NK cells and a decrease in IL-2 receptors during early eczema herpeticum contribute to the susceptibility of children with atopic eczema to cutaneous HSV infections.
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| Kasahara et al. (1983) | IL 2 | | LGL | Further analysis of cells in the LGL population using various monoclonal antibodies revealed that removal of cells with OKT11 or AF-10, a monoclonal antibody against human HLA-DR antigen, decreased IL 2 production, whereas removal of OKT8+, OKM1+, Leu-M1+, or Leu-7+ cells led to enhanced IL 2 production. |
| Melder and Jain (1992) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Cytotoxic activity of the activated NK cells following removal of IL-2 decreased to about 60% of the control activity within 24 h and continued through 72 h post-deprivation. |
| Confer et al. (1990) | interleukin 2-activated | | natural killer cells | Human endothelial cells or human foreskin fibroblasts infected with herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) potently inhibit the lytic activity of natural killer cells and interleukin 2-activated killer cells. |
| Dybkaer et al. (2007) | IL2 | | NK cell | Others have addressed IL2 activation of NK cells for fixed time points of 4 hours [39] or 14 days with multiple activating stimuli with IL2, PHA and feeder cells [40] whereas our study is directed at early temporal regulation of pure NK cell activation. |
| Aronson et al. (1988) | IL-2 | | NK cell | The ability of IL-2 to induce NK cell adhesion to EC was not blocked by a mixture of neutralizing antisera raised against rTNF-alpha, rIL-1 alpha, and rIL-1 beta, factors known to promote leukocyte adhesion to EC. |
| Smith (2006) | IL2 | | NK cells | This was in fact found to be the case, and the simultaneous administration of IL2 and IL2-reactive mAb resulted in a dramatic increase (> 100-fold) in the total numbers of CD8+ T cells, and NK cells as well, which also express both the ? |
| Hellstrand and Hermodsson (1990) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Addition of peripheral-blood monocytes, recovered by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation, to purified NK cells abrogated IL-2 induced NK cell activation, reconstituted the synergistic, NK-activating effects of histamine and IL-2, and strongly reduced baseline NKCC. |
| Imir and Bankhurst (1987) | interleukin 2-activated | | natural killer cell | [Inhibition of natural killer and interleukin 2-activated natural killer cell cytotoxicity by monosaccharides and lectins].
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| Voss et al. (1992) | IL-2 | | NK cells | In a previous study of the IL-2 receptors expressed on NK cells obtained from cancer patients after in vivo IL-2 therapy, we documented a discrepancy between the level of beta chain and the level of intermediate-affinity IL-2 binding sites expressed on the cell surface. |
| Tam et al. (2003) | IL2 | | NK cell | Natural killer (NK)-92, a highly cytotoxic, IL2-dependent human NK cell-line, is an excellent candidate as an immunotherapeutic agent, being active for prolonged periods following irradiation and IL2 deprivation, non-toxic and non-immunogenic, and easily expanded. |
| Keever et al. (1990) | IL2 | | NK cells | IL2 receptor (CD25) expression was low in all cultures but was consistently higher in cultures containing IL1 and IL2, however, CD25 was not coexpressed on NK cells. |
| Shah et al. (2006) | IL-2 | | NK cell | PURPOSE: Ultra low doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) can activate the high-affinity IL-2 receptor constitutively expressed on CD56(bright) natural killer (NK) cells, the CD34+ NK cell precursor, and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo. |
| Chopra et al. (1992) | interleukin 2 | | NK cells | Quantitative changes relative to controls included decreased total numbers of T cells with greater decreases in helper cells, decreased NK cells, and a diminished number of interleukin 2 receptors. |
| Weigent et al. (1983) | IL 2 | | NK cell | Specific antibodies either to natural IFN-gamma or to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the human IFN-gamma N-terminal amino acids, when added to cultures treated with IL 2, completely blocked IL 2 enhancement of NK cell activity for both the mouse and human systems. |
| Martin et al. (2010) | IL-2 | | NK cells | In contrast, IL-2 signaling on CD56(bright) NK cells was not inhibited by Dac and their in vivo proliferation and cytotoxicity actually increased. |
| Martin et al. (2010) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Mechanistic studies indicated that the activation of CD56(bright) NK cells was likely IL-2 driven, as low doses of IL-2, but not IL-15, mimicked this activation in vitro. |
| Nakamura et al. (1998) | IL-2 | | NK cell | There was a positive correlation between the suppression of NK cell activity and IL-2 levels in the pregnant women, but no significant correlation in the nonpregnant women.
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| Schmitt et al. (1995) | IL2 | | NK cells | Whereas current data do not support a crucial role for IL2, patients with IL2 receptor gamma chain (IL2R gamma) deficiency lack T- and NK cells. |
| Bhat et al. (2007) | IL-2 | | NK cells | IL-2 restores cytotoxicity and granular stock in NK cells
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| Braun et al. (1987) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | In vitro tests included (a) phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness in the presence of indomethacin or interleukin-2 (IL-2), (b) natural killer cell (NK) function, and (c) PHA-induced IL-2 synthesis. |
| Shephard et al. (1994) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Moderate exercise increases the cytolytic action of NK cells, but there is a prolonged fall of cytolytic activity after exhausting or psychologically stressful exercise; again these responses probably reflect altered IL-2 levels or receptor expression. |
| Chakraborty et al. (1996) | IL-2 | | NK cells | In oral cancer patients an altered response to low doses of Prl (1-5O ng/ ml) was observed in IL-2-stimulated NK cells, which also revealed malignancy- associated loss of IL-2 response. |
| Carson et al. (1994) | IL-2 | | NK cells | The proliferative effects of IL-2 on CD56bright NK cells could be inhibited by both antibodies. |
| Dybkaer et al. (2007) | IL2 | | NK cells | This raised the intriguing possibility that downregulation of GATA3 and upregulation of T-BET (Th1-specific transcription factor) in IL2 stimulated NK cells is required for the elaboration of Th1 type of cytokines in activated NK cells. |
| Heslop et al. (1989) | IL2 | | NK cells | In both groups of patients, IL2 acts on CD3+ T cells and on CD16+ NK cells so that depletion of either subset incompletely abrogates IL2 dependent gamma-IFN secretion. |
| Sato et al. (1999) | IL-2 | | NK cell | When IL-2 was added to cultures containing IL-15 alone, IL-15 plus SF, or IL-15, SF, and IL-7, the numbers of NK cell colonies were reduced relative to those without IL-2. |
| Portevin et al. (2009) | IL-2 | | NK cell | Interestingly, when adding 3a-G1, CFSE diluted events were strongly reduced within both T cell subsets indicating that although CD8+ T cells are not a major proliferative population in IL-2 cultured PBMCs, dendrimer 3a-G1 may also inhibits their expansion in other conditions.
3a-G1 interferes with CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation inducing NK cell enrichment
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| Altundag et al. (2005) | interleukin-2 | | natural killer cells | SRL172, non-specific immunological adjuvant downregulates interleukin-4, upregulates interleukin-2 production, switching towards a T-helper-1 response, induces an increase in natural killer cells and activates antigen presenting cells. |
| Procopio et al. (1988) | IL-2 | | LGL | Removal of extracellular Ca2+ by addition of EGTA at the beginning of the culture greatly depressed LGL proliferation and IL-2 production, and blocked phenotypic changes, such as the expression of Tac antigen. |
| Beach and Whalen (2006) | IL-2 | | NK cells | The two compounds that retained their capacity to decrease NK lytic function in T/NK cells, oxychlordane (5 microM) and PCP (5 and 10 microM), were able to either decrease the secretion of NK-stimulatory ILs (IL-2, IL-12 and/or IL-10) and/or increase secretion of the NK-inhibitory cytokine, IL-4, at each length of exposure tested.
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| Shenoy and Brahmi (1991) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Activation of NK cells with IL-2 for 18 hr at 37 degrees C was inhibited in the presence of CI-I. |
| Loza and Perussia (2004) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Conversely, IL-12 induces on CD56(+low) NK cells all markers constitutively expressed on the CD56(+high) NK cells, concomitantly preventing the IL-2 (and IL-15)-inducible expression of NKp44 and CD16 re-expression after immune complex-induced down-modulation, and CD56(-/+low) NK cells acquire a CD56(+high) NK cell phenotype in short term in vitro culture with IL-12. |
| Murray et al. (1992) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | With respect to function, exhaustive exercise led to a decrease in concanavalin A-stimulated IL-2 receptor expression and [3H]thymidine incorporation while enhancing natural killer cell activity. |
| Markham et al. (1996) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Specifically, R-verapamil inhibited BLT esterase release from resting but not IL-2 activated NK cells. |
| Hori et al. (1988) | IL-2 | | LGL | Furthermore, LGL from the four patients proliferated in response to higher concentrations of IL-2 and these responses were not inhibited by an excess amount of anti-Tac antibody. 125I-Labeled IL-2 cross-linking studies performed in two cases revealed the predominant expression of an IL-2 binding molecule with an estimated Mr of 70,000 to 75,000. |
| Nagler et al. (1989) | IL-2 | | NK cell | Although rIL-4 effectively inhibited the IL-2-induced cytolytic activation of all three NK cell subsets, only the CD16bright cells showed rIL-4 inhibition of IL-2 dependent proliferation. |
| Rabinowich et al. (1996) | IL-2 | | NK cells | Levels of mRNA encoding the cytokine genes typically transcribed in activated T lymphocytes, including IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4, were markedly reduced, as was expression of the corresponding proteins, in TAL-T or TAL-NK cells relative to normal PBL-T or PBL-NK cells, respectively. |
| Álvaro et al. (2010) | IL-2 | | NK cells | These regulatory T cells can inhibit the production of IL-2 as well as upregulating the expression of IL-2Ra (CD25), delaying or blocking the activation of CD8+ cells and NK cells against tumor antigens [26]. |
| Blanchard et al. (1992) | IL-2 | | LGL | Furthermore, only the direct interaction between bacterium and LGL could induce the expression of both IL-2 receptor alpha protein and mRNA, an effect which was abrogated by the presence of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. |
| Arbour et al. (1996) | IL-2 | | NK cell | We measured baseline and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK cell cytotoxicity, as well as expression of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) (alpha-chain (p55) and beta-chain (p75)), and adhesion molecules. |
| Villa et al. (1991) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | Reduced natural killer cell activity and IL-2 production in malnourished cancer patients.
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| Chang et al. (1989) | IL-2 | | NK cells | These and previous results support the hypothesis that decreased IL-2 production by both T-helper and NK cells from CML patients may be mechanistically related to the observed NK-cell immunodeficiency in CML patients.
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| Giustiniani et al. (2007) | IL-2 | | NK cells | We also observed that CD160 surface expression on NK cells is down-modulated upon activation with PMA or IL-2. |
| Chouaib et al. (1988) | IL-2 | | LGL | Our results suggest a functional interaction between IL-2 and TNF on LAK precursors, which results in a reduction of the IL-2 concentration required for differentiation of LGL into LAK killers.
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| Sun et al. (1991) | IL-2 | | NK cell | Partial restoration of depressed NK cell activity by adding recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) suggests that other factors are also involved in the process or that IL-2 deficiency exists in RAU patients. |
| Solana et al. (1999) | interleukin 2 | | NK cells | The response to interleukin 2 of NK cells from aged donors is also impaired in terms of their capacity to kill NK-resistant cell lines, but not when K562 killing, perforin synthesis, or tumor necrosis factor alpha production are considered. |
| Chang et al. (1989) | interleukin-2 | | natural killer cells | Defective interleukin-2 production by T-helper and natural killer cells.
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| Whalen et al. (2002) | IL2 | | NK cells | Highly purified NK cells (> 95% CD16(+)) or a lymphocyte preparation containing both T lymphocytes and NK cells were treated with 300 nM TBT and then allowed to recover for 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 6 days in TBT-free media containing no interleukin, 1000 U/mL IL2, 20 ng/mL IL l2, or a combination of IL2 plus IL12. |
| Isacson et al. (1992) | IL-2 | | NK cells | None of the following parameters, tested prior to initiation of the therapy and 1-2 days after termination of each course of IL-2, correlated with the clinical response: WBC counts (total and differential), levels of blood CD4 and CD8 T cells, NK cells, monocytes and B cells, production of IL-1 and IL-1 inhibitor by monocytes, responsiveness to 3 mitogens, NK/LAK cell activity, and serum levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-2, soluble IL-2 receptor, and TNF alpha. |
| Ogawa et al. (2000) | interleukin-2 | | natural killer cells | This immunosuppression was mainly due to a decrease of helper-inducer T cells, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and interleukin-2 receptor-positive cells, as well as an increase of suppressor T cells. |
| Hänninen et al. (1993) | IL-2 | | NK cell | A significant decrease in levels of soluble IL-2 receptors and CD56 NK cell positivity was observed, when comparing values prior to and after onset of serum neutralizing activity against rIL-2. |
| Carson et al. (2001) | IL-2 | | NK cells | NK cells can be expanded in cancer patients via the administration of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and become potent cytotoxic effectors following exposure to high doses of IL-2. |
| Dai et al. (1993) | IL-2 | | NK cell | There was a positive correlation between the NK cell activity and IL-2 activity in patients after dialysis, suggesting that immune function were impaired in the patients on MHD, with a decline in the activity of NK cell and IL-2 and IFN, and a disorder of immune regulation cycle. |
| Jensen et al. (2010) | IL-2 | | NK cells | The anti-inflammatory activity was strongest for CW, where the PMN migration towards IL-8 was inhibited down to dilutions of 1010.Both MTB and CW induced the expression of the CD69 activation marker on human CD3- CD56+ NK cells, and enhanced the expression of CD107a when exposed to K562 tumor cells in vitro.The fractions directly modulated cytokine production, inducing production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, and inhibiting production of IL-2.Both fractions further modulated mitogen-induced cytokine production in the following manner: Both fractions enhanced the PHA-induced production of IL-6 and reduced the PHA-induced production of TNF-alpha. |
| Wang et al. (2007) | IL-2 | | NK cell | Stimulation with PHA did not significantly alter NK cell surface CReg protein levels whereas, following culture with IL-2, CD46 and CD59 were decreased on both CD56bright and CD56dim subsets (p<0.05). |
| Zhang et al. (2005) | IL-2-induced | | natural killer cells | Alcohol suppresses IL-2-induced CC chemokine production by natural killer cells.
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| Zhang et al. (2005) | IL-2-induced | | NK cell | CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol, through the inhibition of IL-2-induced NF-kappaB p65 protein expression and intracellular calcium mobilization, suppressed NK cell production of CC chemokines. |
| Zhang et al. (2005) | IL-2-induced | | NK cells | RESULTS: Alcohol inhibited IL-2-induced CC chemokine (CCL3 and CCL4) expression by NK cells. |
| Caccavo et al. (2002) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | Lactoferrin exerts a bactericidal activity by damaging the outermembrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as well as immunoregulatory functions by decreasing the release of interleukin-l (IL- 1), IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha INF-alpha) and enhancing monocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. |
| Viaud et al. (2009) | IL-2 | | NK cell | Blocking IL-2 did not induce any change in the capacity of Dex to induce NK cell proliferation and activation (data not shown).
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| Yücesoy et al. (1999) | IL-2 | | NK cell | We conclude that chronic co-exposure to n-hexane, toluen, and MEK at these levels is not associated with an impairment on either NK cell activity or serum IL-2 and gamma-IFN levels.
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| Mazzoccoli et al. (2003) | IL-2 | | natural killer cells | When we compared AUC values there was a decrease in CD8bright (T suppressor subset) and an increase in CD16 (natural killer cells) and of IL-2 serum levels in cancer patients. |
| Nishinarita et al. (1989) | IL-2 | | LGLs | Both CD4/Leu7 and CD8/Leu7 LGLs behave similarly in their lack of NK activity, and manifest decreased IL-2 production in vitro and show a low IL-2 receptor expression unrelated to their T cell phenotype, but behave differently in influencing the immunoglobulin production in vitro and the ADCC activity, depending on their T cell phenotype and on the expression of Fc receptor, respectively. |
| Sellar et al. (2006) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | Increases were observed in adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, blood leukocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cell concentrations and activity, whereas the ability of peripheral blood monouclear cells (PBMCs) to respond (interleukin-2 (IL-2) production) to stimulation was reduced 5 min after exercise in both groups (p < 0.05). |
| Giacomelli et al. (1999) | IL-2 | | NK cells | The lower NK cytotoxic activity observed in our IBD patients cannot be related to a decreased number of NK cells, surface expression of adhesion molecules, defective response to IL-2 and maturative defect. |
| Stopi?ska-G?uszak et al. (2006) | IL-2 | | NK cell | These changes were associated with a significant decrease of NK cell cytotoxicity, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. |
| Lorini et al. (1994) | IL-2 | | NK cells | The decreased NK cytotoxic activity observed in our patients, in particular in long-standing diabetics, with normal NK cell number, could be due to a qualitative defect of the NK cells, or to a deficient IL-2 and/or TNF-alpha production, or to a immunomodulatory or immunosuppressing effect of insulin.
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| Holden et al. (1998) | IL-2 | | natural killer cell | Stress is associated with increased expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and reduced expression of IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules and natural killer cell activity (NKA). |
| Druckmann and Druckmann (2005) | IL-2-mediated | | NK cells | PIBF also inhibits the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells by blocking their degranulation and perforin release, as well as inhibiting IFN-delta, TNF-alpha and IL-2-mediated transformation of NK cells into detrimental lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells.
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| Hu et al. (2003) | IL-2 | | NK cells | There were no significant differences in the numbers of CD3+ and CD56+ T lymphocytes and CD3- and CD56+ NK cells, the levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IL-2, IL-6 and TNFalpha between the two groups (P>0.05).
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| Ahmadi et al. (2010) | lymphokine | | natural killer cells | Increased production of PGE2 also suppresses the immune system of patients with HNSCC by suppressing lymphokine production, T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation, and the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and macrophages [33]. |
| Doing et al. (2001) | interleukin 2 | | natural killer cells | BACKGROUND: Several immune system abnormalities have been noted in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) including autoantibody production and abnormalities in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, natural killer cells, helper/inducer lymphocytes, lymphocyte reactivity, and subtherapeutic responses to the influenza vaccination. |
| Hodge et al. (1999) | IL-2 | | NK cells | In cell cultures exposed to pdFVIII, T cells showed reduced production of TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IFN-gamma; monocytes showed reduced production of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 but an increase in IL-10 synthesis; IFN-gamma synthesis by NK cells was reduced. |
| Schmidt et al. (1998) | IL-2 | | NK cell | In addition, we found that the high production of (p40)2 in our tumor model was accompanied by a drastic decrease in IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by spleen cells, further favoring the possibility that (p40)2 plays a role in the suppression of NK cell and macrophage cytotoxicity. |
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